However, it has also brought about reforms in those states that have held out, as well as leading to the rediscovery of the virtues of effective states in countries that have initiated democratic transition, including attention to the demands of minorities. The West is ill-prepared for this renewal of demands upon the state, which should firstly involve the reconstruction of societies.

Dorothée Schmid is Senior Research Fellow and Head of Ifri’s Turkey Program.

Article published in Politique étrangère, Vol. 83, No. 1, Spring 2018.