In March and June 2018, the US imposed tariffs or quotas on steel and aluminium on all trading partners, but Australia. In July and August 2018, the US began imposing tariffs on $50 billion in Chinese industrial goods on the ground of unfair trade practices. As China has retaliated with tit-for-tat measures, President Trump has imposed tariffs on $200 billion in Chinese goods from 24 September 2018 onwards, and in an unprecedented escalation of his trade war with China, he has also threatened to impose tariffs on an additional $267 billion in Chinese goods. If eventually carried out, Trump’s latest threat could result in tariffs on all Chinese goods entering the US. China has retaliated and imposed tariffs on $60 billion in US goods, including a 10% duty on liquefied natural gas (LNG).

For the time being, trade tensions have had a limited impact on the energy market. But the new round of US tariffs and retaliation measures by China suggest that this is going to change.

The potential impact of the trade battles on the energy market is fourfold:

For oil and energy demand as the latest tariffs announced by President Trump could derail the global economy upswing and translate, in the medium term, into lower global crude oil and energy demand growth and thus exert downward pressure on prices.

An immediate impact through China’s retaliatory measures targeting US energy products. Energy was not included in the first round of China’s retaliatory measures. But in the second round (23 August 2018), China has started to impose tariffs on US energy products, although the selected products (e. g. coal) target key Trump supporters and should have limited impact on the global commodity markets. US crude oil, which was included in the initial list of products to be taxed from 23 August, has been removed from the list. However, China may have spared US crude oil for now to hit the fuel if tensions escalate. Chinese buyers of US energy commodities have already started to reconfigure purchases to avoid the tariffs, even for crude oil and LNG that were not subject to tariffs. The anticipation of tariffs on US crude has already impacted import volumes and trade flows with a sharp reduction in China’s imports of US crude since July. China became the largest oil importing country in the world in 2017, but its imports from the US accounted for only a tiny share of its oil imports. For US exporters, China represented a growing share of their supplies, with China even the largest buyer of US crude in June 2018. As the global crude oil market is fungible, even potentially steep tariffs by China on US oil would not interrupt US oil flows that would be reshuffled. But the reduced demand from China would nonetheless exert some downward pressure on US crude prices and widen the Brent-WTI spread. In the short term, the biggest winners would be “OPEC+”. But the benefit would be short-lived. In the long run, tariffs and trade wars threaten not only global trade but also economic growth and global oil demand growth.

Chinese retaliatory measures directed on American LNG could slow down the developments of US exports and in turn result in a less liquid global LNG market. In response to the second round of US tariffs on $200 billion of Chinese goods, the Chinese government has announced that it will impose tariffs on $60 billion in American products, including a 10% duty on LNG. A tariff on US LNG will put some of the second wave of US LNG export projects at risk and slowdown the expansion of US LNG exports. The rebalancing of the LNG market will create inefficiencies, higher costs and a loss of flexibility in the burgeoning commoditized LNG market. Although China will easily find alternative suppliers, trade barriers on US LNG will deprive the nation from a flexible supplier and make the nation more vulnerable to LNG price spikes, notably in winter.

An indirect impact on the US oil and gas industry due to the imposition of tariffs on imported steel, which constitutes a key raw material in the sector. Prices of US steel products have soared since the imposition of tariffs. The steel tariff and rising domestic steel prices are increasing costs of oil and gas projects. In addition, the US oil and gas industry relies on specialty steel products, especially for the building of oil and gas pipelines, which are not available in sufficient quantities and specifications from domestic manufacturers, or even not produced in the US. Companies are seeking for exemptions from the tariff. But the process is cumbersome and uncertain, which may delay pipeline construction. As US production is rising at an accelerated pace, infrastructure is becoming a bottleneck and may limit the growth in production and exports.

A slow-down in the growth of the deployment of renewable energy sources in the USA and a missed opportunity for US coal to develop its exports to China as domestic demand has been slightly declining, with less new job creations in this sector and possibly, job losses.

The US-China trade war is escalating with no visible way out yet. Although the energy market can reshuffle flows and rebalance, the biggest threat of the trade tensions on the energy market come from the escalation of the trade wars and its resulting impact on investment and economic growth.